Cruise Control Explained: A Necessity On India’s Express Highways

Author: Abhinand Venugopal•Published on: 1/6/2026•7 Minutes
Overview:Cruise control was developed in response to a basic yet significant need — reducing driver fatigue during long-distance travel and ensuring a steady speed. In the mid-20th century, as highways expanded and vehicles became better suited for prolonged high-speed travel, many drivers began to experience both physical and mental strain from keeping their foot on the accelerator for extended periods. Engineers began research on ways to eliminate this early on. This effort eventually resulted in the creation of cruise control systems that could manage the throttle, relax the driver’s right leg and essentially, let the vehicle cruise.
Share this article

Key Highlights:


  • Cruise control is an evolving feature, but it will always require some input from the driver while engaged.
  • With new expressways under construction across India, cruise control will eventually become a crucial safety feature.
  • Cruise control works best on open roads, although advanced variants adapt to stop-and-go traffic.



Cruise Control Working Principle


In its basic format, a cruise control system operates in conjunction with the throttle position sensor. In parallel, a speed sensor keeps track of the vehicle’s speed and relays this data to the control module. Once the driver sets a desired speed, the module continuously compares it with the actual speed. If a difference is detected, the system adjusts the throttle (by sending signals to the throttle position sensor) to bring the speed in line with the target. This electronic approach is generally termed as Drive-by-Wire. In mechanical systems, the adjustment is carried out using a cable that connects to an actuator.


However, the driver must take control whenever slower vehicles come into view or when road conditions vary. It works best on highways with light traffic where there is little need for frequent braking or acceleration.


Types of Cruise Control


Now that we have understood how a conventional cruise control system works, let us explore some improved versions: 


Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
Alongside keeping the vehicle at a constant speed, ACC uses sensors such as radar and cameras to observe traffic in front. When a slower-moving vehicle is detected ahead, the system automatically lowers the speed by either reducing acceleration or applying gentle braking. As soon as the path becomes clear, it resumes acceleration to return to the preset speed or distance to be maintained. ACC is a boon in moderate traffic situations.


Traffic-Aware Cruise Control
Specific advanced systems, particularly in luxury cars and premium EVs, feature a traffic-aware mode. These systems are capable of bringing the vehicle to a full stop when necessary, such as during traffic jams, and can automatically resume driving once the traffic begins to move. As long as the traffic around is disciplined, Traffic-Aware cruise control is quite helpful during peak hours in metro cities.


Predictive Cruise Control
This variant employs GPS data, digital maps and at times, artificial intelligence to anticipate upcoming road conditions. It can reduce the car’s speed before curves, downhill slopes or high pedestrian zones, and then return to the set speed once the condition allows. The goal is to improve driving efficiency and lower fuel consumption while also ensuring safety for other road users.


Benefits of Cruise Control


Reduced Driver Fatigue
Driving long distances at a steady speed can become exhausting. Cruise control helps by lessening the physical strain on the driver’s leg, and in turn, the entire body.


Improved Fuel Economy
Cruise control keeps the vehicle moving at a constant speed without frequent acceleration (which consumes more fuel) or braking (which requires more acceleration immediately afterwards). This helps reduce fuel consumption, particularly during long drives on highways.


Encourages Safer Driving
Drivers who use cruise control naturally maintain speed consistency. When equipped with adaptive features, the system also helps keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead.


Useful in Speed-regulated Zones
Cruise control helps drivers avoid accidental speeding, especially in areas with strict speed limit enforcement. Cruise control allows drivers to stay within legal limits and reduce the risk of receiving speeding tickets.


Limitations of Cruise Control


Not Ideal for Urban Environments
Traditional cruise control works best on highways or open roads. In cities with heavy traffic, drivers often need to adjust their speed frequently, which takes away the usefulness of a cruise control system (unless it features a traffic-aware mode).


Reduced Driver Attention
When cruise control manages the vehicle's speed, some drivers may become less attentive or overly relaxed. This reduced alertness can be risky in fast-changing traffic situations that demand quick human reactions. Some cars require the driver to place both hands on the steering wheel while using cruise control.


Limited Functionality in Adverse Conditions
Cruise control systems may not function properly in conditions like rain, fog or snow, particularly when sensors are blocked or visibility is low. Using cruise control in such weather can result in more risks than usual.


Compatibility with Manual Transmissions
Modern cruise control systems can be installed in vehicles with manual transmissions, but their operation is not as smooth as that of automatic cars. Gear changes interrupt the system and reduce its overall practicality.


Innovations and the Future of Cruise Control


Integration with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
Modern vehicles frequently integrate cruise control with advanced driver assistance systems such as lane-keeping assist, blind-spot detection and emergency braking. Together, these features offer a semi-autonomous driving experience, allowing the vehicle to control speed, maintain its lane and come to a stop when necessary.


Sensor Fusion and AI
Future systems are likely to rely on sensor fusion, which involves combining data from radar, LiDAR, GPS and cameras. This information will be processed by AI algorithms to support smarter driving decisions, allowing the system to anticipate the behaviour of other road users and respond appropriately.


V2X Communication
Cruise control systems are expected to evolve with the integration of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. This technology enables vehicles to share information with other vehicles as well as infrastructure such as traffic lights. For instance, a cruise control system could automatically reduce the vehicle’s speed when approaching a red signal or a traffic congestion due to an accident or road work.


Eco Cruise Mode
Certain manufacturers are working on eco cruise modes that take into account terrain, traffic conditions and vehicle load to adjust speed and throttle for maximum energy efficiency automatically. This is particularly useful in range-conscious hybrids and electric vehicles.


Autonomous Driving
Based on regional regulations, brands such as Tesla have already introduced full autonomous driving. These advanced features go beyond basic adaptive cruise control and lane keeping. They allow the driver to take short breaks while the vehicle continues moving. However, constant monitoring and the ability to take control at any moment are still required. The car sends multiple signals (mostly beeps and steering haptic feedback) to alert the driver in case of extended breaks.


The Way Forward


Cruise control has evolved significantly from its early mechanical form. It greatly enhances driving comfort, boosts fuel efficiency and contributes to road safety, especially on long trips. With the introduction of adaptive systems, artificial intelligence and connected vehicle technologies, cruise control is becoming more intelligent and responsive.


Despite these improvements, it is still designed to assist the driver rather than eliminate the need for careful and attentive driving. As vehicle technology progresses further, cruise control is expected to be a key component in the shift towards fully autonomous driving.


FAQs


1. Can cruise control be installed in older cars?
Yes, aftermarket systems are available, but they require professional installation.


2. Is cruise control safe to use in rain or snow?
It is not recommended. Slippery roads can cause the system to react unpredictably, reducing control.


3. Can cruise control help save fuel?
Yes. By maintaining a steady speed, cruise control can improve fuel efficiency, especially on highways.


4. Does cruise control work on manual transmission cars?
Yes, though it is more common in automatics. The system may disengage if the clutch is used or if the gear is changed.


5. Is cruise control the same as self-driving?
No, cruise control only controls speed. Self-driving systems do much more.